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EDITORIAL |
La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
There is a tranquillity about university campuses that is reminiscent of Millet’s paintings. The trouble is that tranquillity is deceptive in both settings. A typical Millet painting shows young farm workers at twilight on their way home from hard labor. This may look innocuous from our perspective, but there is encoding in the canvas. To look at Millet’s "L’Angelus" (see Figure), for example, one would not readily perceive some of the turmoil only hinted at by the artist.
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Many of Millet’s potential patrons saw in his canvases intimations of "the scaffolds of 1793." Some of his critics viscerally loathed his paintings (2) and described him as a "half-educated bumpkin, a workman whose mind was warped by café talk about art... . His paintings are rough, scabby, antiquated, and dull... . They reek of the sweat of his brawny arms." For those of us who are occasionally stung by manuscript and grant reviews, we can note that Millet’s reviews were truly ad hominem!
Millet, however, repeatedly disclaimed any political ideology. He simply loved to portray silence, twilight, and solitary shepherds guarding their flocks. But at this historical watershed, it was extraordinarily difficult to paint workers in the fields without kindling suspicious images of revolution. Millet wrote to a friend (3), "I see the halos of dandelions, and the sun, also, which spreads out beyond the world its glory in the clouds. But I see as well, in the plain, the steaming horses at work, and in a rocky place a man, all worn out, whose ... [sighing] has been heard since morning, and who tries to straighten himself a moment and breathe. The drama is surrounded by beauty."
Certainly, one of Millet’s most achingly beautiful paintings is "L’Angelus," currently in the Musee d’Orsay. The two laborers pause on hearing the evening bells chime "Angelus domini nuntiavit Mariae." The man and woman are clearly poor, tired, and reverent while the bells call them to prayer. Nonetheless, some critics viewed even this Hail Mary as politically suspect! However, from the vantage point of approximately 150 years later, the painting evokes a poignant tranquillity and beauty.
The same tranquillity and beauty one sees in a Millet painting can be found on a university campus. Many campuses have a lawn of green that sets a tranquil tone in the midst of our crowded urban landscapes. Nonetheless, behind all the greenery, universities have always been contentious places. It is no historical accident that the head of the faculty carries a mace, poised to promote order, or that doctoral students "defend" their dissertation. Pick up any biography of an academic, and the story is brimming with university bickering (cf, for example, Paracelsus’s experience with his numerous medical school faculties). All universities have mottoes that are really abbreviated mission statements. Mottoes like "Light and Truth" are common, but one senior academic quipped recently that a more accurate motto might be "Bright People Behaving Badly."
We academics tend to be very verbal individualists who are in a constant struggle for limited resources. Recently, the struggles in our medical schools and academic medical centers have intensified. The primary source of this escalating struggle is dwindling resources, but a secondary source of turmoil is a new ideology that has infected many schools. Coming from a management or business mentality, universities are being challenged to assign costs precisely. The process is referred to as "mission-based management." Administrators wish faculty to bill their accountable hours, rather like lawyers do, and assign them to the various missions of the university (research, teaching, patient care). What could be wrong with that?
In principle, this mission-based management (MBM) approach is necessary to evaluate productivity. Promotion boards have always attended to these multiple components of professional life. MBM, however, takes this process to a new level of intensity. The problem with this method stems from misplaced concreteness. Administrators try to derive econometric algorithms to weight various teaching activities (a lecture might be awarded two points, whereas a seminar would be weighted for one point, etc). Somehow these administrative committees do not factor in measures of quality ("too hard to measure"), and they employ unexamined ideas about value. This approach may work well in routinized jobs such as law and accounting, but it does not transplant well into academic life. If I go to the library, does that hour get "charged" to my patient mission, my teaching mission, or my research mission? What if I went to the library on a research quest and learned something useful for patient care? Where should that hour get "charged"?
This obsessional search for cost attribution fosters ever deeper fissure lines in our universities. Most of us feel that our "mission" (note—singular case) is "to teach, to treat, and to discover." If MBM legitimizes separate and distinct missions and administrative structures, it will engender increased conflict among faculty members. The mission-based management mentality encourages divisiveness by implying that the missions compete in a zero-sum game, such that one mission is enriched at the cost of another mission. From this warped view, one loses sight of the synergy and power of one unified mission. The "university" disappears in favor of a "polyversity" (perversity?). This approach, more than any other I have seen in academia, has polarized faculties and administrators to the point that we hear Millet’s tumbrels instead of his Angelus chimes.
APPENDIX
Reviewers for Psychosomatic Medicine
The Editor acknowledges with appreciation the efforts of the following colleagues who reviewed manuscripts for this Journal from October 1, 1998, to September 30, 1999.
Susan Abbey
Sally H. Adams
Lucile L. Adams-Campbell
Robert Ader
Nancy Adler
Perry Adler
Glenn Affleck
David Agle
W. Stewart Agras
Mustafa al’Absi
David H. Allen
Karen Allen
Michael T. Allen
Federico A. Allodi
Carol L. Alter
Jay D. Amsterdam
Sonia Ancoli-Israel
Barbara L. Andersen
Arnold E. Anderson
David E. Anderson
Erling A. Anderson
Veanne N. Anderson
Michael Andrykowski
Hymie Anisman
Michael H. Antoni
Paul S. Appelbaum
Ad A. Appels
Patricia A. Arean
Lesley M. Arnold
Bruce Arnow
Taka Ashikaga
Gordon J.G. Asmundson
J. H. Atkinson
Elizabeth A. Bachen
R. Michael Bagby
Donald Bakal
Dewleen G. Baker
Teri Baldewicz
John Bancroft
Karna Dev Bardhan
Wayne A. Bardwell
John C. Barefoot
Steven D. Barger
Stuart H. Bartle
Christopher Bass
Roshan Bastani
Marco Battaglia
Andrew Baum
Anne E. Becker
Gaylene Becker
Jean Beckham
Bernard D. Beitman
Charles Benight
Robert Benschop
David Benton
Howard Berenbaum
I. Berenbaum
Thomas P. Beresford
Sarah L. Berga
Gary Glen Berntson
Charles C. Berry
Joseph Biederman
Niels Birbaumer
Edward O. Bixler
Alan Blanc
Edward Blanchard
Susan H. Bland
Donald L. Bliwise
Susan Block
Joan R. Bloom
Peter B. Bloom
James A. Blumenthal
Richard C. Boland
Robert J. Boland
Michael H. Bonnet
Donald F. Booth
Jan Born
John Michael Bostwick
Dana Bovbjerg
Deborah Bowen
W. Thomas Boyce
Gregory Boyle
David L. Braff
Henk S. Brand
William Breitbart
David H. Broide
Jos F. Brosschot
E. Sherwood Brown
Gregory G. Brown
Claus Buddeberg
John Burns
Angelika Buske-Kirschbaum
John T. Cacioppo
Oliver G. Cameron
Raphael Campeas
Robert Cancro
Donald Carek
Robert A. Carels
Michael P. Carey
Ingrid V.E. Carlier
Robert M. Carney
Eugene J. Carragee
Charles Carver
Regina Casper
Stephanie Cavanaugh
David R. Cave
David F. Cella
Edith Chen
Margaret A. Chesny
Francesco Chiappelli
Nicholas Christenfeld
Alan J. Christensen
James Christensen
Camillia Clark
W. Crawford Clark
Ian M. C. Clarke
Sean Clarke
Jack L. Clausen
Anthony Cleare
Ann-Marie Codori
Christopher Coe
Rui Coelho
Frances Cohen
Lewis M. Cohen
Mary Ann Adler Cohen
Sheldon Cohen
Jonathan O. Cole
Eduardo A. Colon
Bruce E. Compas
Richard Contrada
Jody Corey-Bloom
Paul T. Costa, Jr
Mary Coussons-Read
John W. Crayton
Francis Creed
Catherine C. Crone
Dean Cruess
Mark R. Cullen
Susan J. Curry
Stephen R. Dager
Roy G. D’Andrade
Stephen R. Daniels
Robert Dantzer
Denis F. Darko
Caroline Davis
Charles S. Davis
John M. Davis
Mary C. Davis
Alan M. Delamater
Theodore Dembroski
Edward M. DeMet
Johan Denollet
Leonard R. Derogatis
Raymond Desharnais
Hans-Christian Deter
Mary Amanda Dew
Firdhaus S. Dhabhar
Stephanie Diener
David F. Dinges
Blaine Ditto
Lorah D. Dorn
Gerhard Dotevall
Kathleen Dracup
William Dressler
Douglas A. Drossman
Steven Dubovsky
Jacqueline Dunbar-Jacob
Renne Dupont
Lynn Durel
Samuel Dworkin
Elaine Eaker
Jack D. Edinger
Christopher L. Edwards
Burr S. Eichelman
Ilana Eli
Merrill F. Elias
Keith Eliasson
George Ellsworth
Charles F. Emery
Karen Emmons
Paul Enck
Jean Endicott
Noble Endicott
Bernard T. Engel
Joanne Epping-Jordan
Leonard H. Epstein
Steven A. Epstein
Larry Ereshefsky
Javier Escobar
Brian Esterling
Susan Everson
Ann Maxwell Eward
Craig K. Ewart
Horacio Fabrega
Pam Factor-Litvak
Sherry Falsetti
Eugene Farber
Arthur Farkas
Jan A. Fawcett
Fawzy I. Fawzy
Stephen J. Ferrando
Howard L. Field
Roger B. Fillingim
Daniel H. Fine
Douglas H. Finestone
Per Fink
Michael First
Edwin B. Fisher
Richard P. Fleet
Monika Fleshner
Mary Ann Fletcher
Kathleen M. Foley
David G. Folks
John P. Foreyt
Graham R. Foster
Alfred L. Franger
Nancy Frasure-Smith
Kenneth Freedland
Robert R. Freedman
Arthur Freeman
Ellen W. Freeman
Davina French
Gregory L. Fricchione
Bruce H. Friedman
Lawrence Friedman
Gregory Fritz
Heidi L. Fritz
David Galin
John E.J. Gallacher
Rollin M. Gallagher
Sheryle J. Gallant
Linda C. Gallo
Patricia Ganz
Joseph Gardiner
Thomas F. Garrity
Robert J. Gatchel
Clara H. Gautier
William Gerin
Robert Gerner
David G. Gilbert
Chris Gillin
Susan Girdler
Leslie Hartley Gise
David F. Gitlin
Ira D. Glick
Dorie Glover
Hillel Glover
Virginia L. Goetsch
Beatrice Golomb
Michael I. Goran
Carolyn Gotay
John S. Gottdiener
Amanda Graham
Douglas A. Granger
Igor Grant
Catherine Greeno
Robert Gregory
Joel Grinker
Murray Grossman
Neil Grunberg
Christian Guilleminault
Madhulika Gupta
Uriel Halbreich
Richard C. W. Hall
Katherine A. Halmi
David L. Hare
Jeffrey P. Harris
Sidney Hart
Roger F. Haskett
Richard L. Hauger
Peter Hauri
Mark G. Haviland
Robert K. Heaton
Nancy Hebben
Mark T. Hegel
Cobi J. Heijnen
Edgar Heim
Vicki S. Helgeson
Gary V. Heller
Dirk Helmut Hellhammer
Ronald B. Herberman
Denise D. Hermann
Christoph Herrmann
Ellen K. Heyneman
Wolfgang G. Hiller
Jules Hirsch
Rudolf Hoehn-Saric
Myron A. Hofer
Stefan Hofmann
Michael Hollifield
Valerie Holmes
Kenneth Holroyd
Johan Hoogstraten
Richard L. Hough
James Hudson
Kenneth Hugdahl
Barry E. Hurwitz
Fritz J. Huyse
Gail Ironson
Jane Irvine
Michael R. Irwin
Rolf G. Jacob
Paul B. Jacobsen
Alan M. Jacobson
Gary James
Larry D. Jamner
J. Janssens
Robert W. Jeffery
Michael Jellinek
J. Richard Jennings
Christina Jern
David C. Jimerson
Russell T. Joffe
Susan R. Johnson
Derek W. Johnston
Marie Johnston
Kenneth R. Jones
Kenneth-Lee Jones
Randall S. Jorgensen
Melissa Kalarchian
Thomas W. Kamarck
Berton H. Kaplan
Robert M. Kaplan
Kathryn M. Kash
Stanislav Kasl
Wayne J. Katon
Ira R. Katz
Peter Kaufmann
Ichiro Kawachi
Terence M. Keane
Francis J. Keefe
Martin J. Kelly
John R. Kelsoe, Jr
Kenneth S. Kendler
Robert Kerns
Ronald C. Kessler
Mark Ketterer
Steven Kick
Janice Kiecolt-Glaser
Johann F. Kinzl
Clemens Kirschbaum
Rachel G. Klein
David J. Knesper
David Knopman
Sarah Knox
Caroline S. Koblenzer
Kyung Bong Koh
Marian L. Kohut
Jaap M. Koolhaas
Willem J. Kop
Donald Kornfeld
Jonathan B. Kotch
Harry Kotses
David S. Krantz
K. Kreiss
Daniel F. Kripke
Jean Kristeller
David Kritchevsky
Mark Kritchevsky
Ziad Kronfol
John H. Krystal
Joachim Kugler
Cynthia Kuhn
Lewis H. Kuller
Elisabeth Kunkel
David J. Kupfer
C. Raymond Lake
Friedhelm Lamprecht
William J. Lancee
Paul Landsbergis
Richard D. Lane
James D. Lane
Thomas Lane
Alan Langer
Wolf A. Langewitz
Kate L. Lapane
Kevin T. Larkin
Mark L. Laudenslager
Stefan Lautenbacher
Gilles LaVigne
James Lawler
Jean-Michel Le Melledo
Allen Lebovits
Ellen Leibenluft
Hoyle Leigh
Brian E. Leonard
Stephen J. Lepore
Jane Leserman
Francois Lesperance
Ira Lesser
J. L. Levenson
Jon A. Levenson
Howard Leventhal
Anthony Levitt
Norman B. Levy
Sharon Lynette Lewis
Alfred J. Lewy
Benjamin Libet
Harold Lief
Wolfgang Linden
Paul Links
Don R. Lipsitt
Andrew Littman
Cathy Lloyd
James Lock
David J. Longo
George F. Longstreth
Peter T. Loosen
Juan Lopez
Jose S. Loredo
Tyler Lorig
William R. Lovallo
Mark Lumley
Patrick J. Lustman
Susan K. Lutgendorf
Bruce Lydiard
Constantine G. Lyketsos
Michael Maes
G. Peter Maguire
William Maixner
Ulrik F. Malt
J. John Mann
Steven B. Manuck
Joseph Marbach
Dawn A. Marcus
Daniel B. Mark
Isaac Marks
Larry F. Marshall
Paul Marshall
John Martin
Robert D. Martin
Prakash Masand
Mary Jane Massie
Christopher Mathews
Richard D. Mattes
Karen Matthews
Dale A. Matthews
Tracy J. Mayne
Richard Anthony Mayou
Philip McCabe
Barbara McCann
John P. McCarren
Dennis McCarthy
Richard McCarty
Kevin D. McCaul
James A. McCubbin
Bruce S. McEwen
Stephen T. McGarvey
Sarah A. McGraw
F. Patrick McKegney
Maya M. McNeilly
James H. Meader-Woodruff
J. Reid Meloy
Samantha Meltzer-Brody
Carlos Mendes De Leon
Richard Menzies
Ilse Mesters
James L. Meyerhoff
Juan E. Mezzich
David Michelson
Andrew Miller
Bruce D. Miller
Gregory E. Miller
I. George Miller
Paul J. Mills
Sung Kil Min
Jim Mintz
Kerry E. Mitchell
Vicki Mock
Paul C. Mohl
Carol M. Moinpour
Harvey Moldofsky
Margaret L. Moline
Manoj Monga
Timothy Monk
James Morrison
Lisa Morrow
Jonathan Moss
David I. Mostofsky
James Muller
Philip R. Muskin
Dominique L. Musselman
Eric R. Muth
Hector F. Myers
Lynn B. Myers
Michael M. Myers
Charles W. Nager
Bruce D. Naliboff
Benjamin H. Natelson
Richard A. Nelesen
Benjamin H. Newberry
Ruth Paul Newton
Raymond Niaura
Perry Nicassio
D. C. Nieman
Carol S. North
Dennis H. Novack
William L. Nyhan
Eva Obarzanek
Frank M. Ochberg
Herbert N. Ochitill
Ira S. Ockene
Judith Ockene
Mary Alice O’Dowd
Donald Oken
Akiko Okifuji
Kevin Olden
John N. O’Neil
Stephen Oppenheimer
Lisa A. Orloff
Kristina Orth-Gomer
David G. Ostrow
Richard L. O’Sullivan
Massimo Pagani
Lawrence Palinkas
Gianfranco Parati
Barbara Parry
Kenneth A. Pass
Stephen Patterson
Thomas Patterson
Paul Pauli
Jane S. Paulsen
Martin P. Paulus
Robert A. Pedowitz
James W. Pennebaker
James C. Perry
William Perry
John M. Petitto
Thomas G. Pickering
Sheila M. Pickwell
John P. Pierce
Issy Pilowsky
Robert Plomin
Harrison G. Pope, Jr
Michael Popkin
Charles W. Popper
W. Potter
Lynda H. Powell
Seth Powsner
Morton P. Printz
Andres J. Pumariega
Bruce Rabin
Judith G. Rabkin
Thomas A. Raffin
Richard H. Rahe
Joseph W. Ramsdell
Uma Rao
Mark Rapaport
Karen G. Raphael
William H. Redd
Robert C. Reiter
Robert Resnik
Victor Reus
Michelle Riba
Charles Rich
Malia Richmond
Andrew L. Ries
Arthur Rifkin
Michael Robbins
Catherine A. Roca
Cheryl Rock
Malcolm P. Rogers
Richard Rose
Robert M. Rose
Bruce R. Rosen
Raymond C. Rosen
Donald Rosenstein
Andrew Roth
David L. Roth
Walton T. Roth
Robert T. Rubin
David R. Rubinow
Peter Rudd
Heinz Rueddel
John A. Rush
Lynne Saba
William H. Sack
John Salerno
James F. Sallis
Vicenzo Sanguineti
Stephen M. Saravay
James M. Scanlan
Nicole A. Schaeffer
Manfred Schedlowski
Michael F. Scheier
Larry W. Scherwitz
Kathleen M. Schiaffino
Barbara Schindler
Steven J. Schleifer
Karen B. Schmaling
Peter Schmidt
Peter L. Schnall
Robert H. Schneider
Neil Schneiderman
Daniel S. P. Schubert
Herbert C. Schulberg
Carolyn E. Schwartz
Joseph E. Schwartz
Jane Scourfield
Stephen L. Seagren
Mary V. Seeman
Teresa Seeman
Sally K. Severino
Janette L. Seville
Nola Shanks
David Shapiro
Alvin P. Shapiro
Michael Sharpe
Richard J. Shaw
William S. Shaw
Jonathan Shedler
David Sheffield
Cathy D. Sherbourne
Andrew Sherwood
Nancy E. Sherwood
Lisa M. Shin
Carol Shively
Robert A. Short
John L. Shuster
Dennis Shusterman
William J. Sieber
Ilene C. Siegler
Johannes Siegrist
Eleanor M. Simonsick
David Sinyor
James Skinner
Pauline Slade
Richard P. Sloan
Kevin W. Smith
Robert C. Smith
Timothy W. Smith
Joshua M. Smyth
Ari Solomon
Barbara Sommer
Steven M. Southwick
Novera Herbert Spector
J. David Spence
David Spiegel
James L. Spira
Howard Spiro
Melford E. Spiro
Bonnie Spring
Babette Ann Stanton
Monica Starkman
Michael Stefanek
Dan J. Stein
Murray B. Stein
Phyllis K. Stein
Maurice D. Steinberg
Robert M. Stern
Theodore A. Stern
Esther M. Sternberg
Donna E. Stewart
Frederick J. Stoddard
Catherine Stoney
Nada Stotland
James J. Strain
Laura Stroud
Thomas Strouse
Margaret Stuber
Albert J. Stunkard
Edward C. Suarez
Mark D. Sullivan
Patrick F. Sullivan
Owen S. Surman
Suzanne Sutherland
Gary E. Swan
Michael R. Swenson
Neal R. Swerdlow
S. Leonard Syme
Kenneth J. Tardiff
Graeme J. Taylor
J. Andrew Taylor
Lydia Temoshok
Julian F. Thayer
Tores Theorell
Ronald Thomas
W. Grant Thompson
Carl Thoresen
Brenda B. Toner
Ming T. Tsuang
Gary J. Tucker
Johanna H. M. Tulen
Bert N. Uchino
E. H. Uhlenhuth
Lorenz J. P. Van Doornen
Sandra van Dulmen
Craig Van Dyke
Lawrence F. Van Egeren
James W. Varni
Kavita Vedhara
Richard C. Veith
Richard L. Verrier
Alexandros N. Vgontzas
Milton Viederman
A. J. J. M. Vingerhoets
Peter P. Vitaliano
Michael Von Korff
M. Von Rad
William Wachsman
Shari Waldstein
Edward A. Walker
Mark S. Wallace
Joel J. Wallack
David A. Waller
Ken A. Wallston
B. Timothy Walsh
Kenneth Walton
Linda Wasserman
Lana L. Watkins
Gerdi Weidner
Herbert Weiner
Michael H. Weisman
Mitchell Weiss
David Wellisch
Peter D. White
William E. Whitehead
Wayne G. Whitehouse
David A. Williams
Rebecca A. Williams
Redford B. Williams
Dawn Wilson
G. Terence Wilson
John F. Wilson
Daniel K. Winstead
Thomas N. Wise
William Wohlgemuth
Frederick Wolfe
Catherine L. Woodman
Lawson R. Wulsin
James K. Wyatt
Joel Yager
William R. Yates
Kimberly A. Yonkers
Kazuhiro Yoshiuchi
Elizabeth A. Young
Laurens D. Young
Simon N. Young
Bum-hee Yu
Steven Zalcman
Alex Zautra
Leonard S. Zegans
Lonnie Zeltzer
Michael Ziegler
Sidney Zisook
Caron Zlotnick
Bruce S. Zwilling
Stephen J. Zyzanski
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank the Musee d’Orsay for permission to reprint L’Angelus. We would also like to thank our contributors, readers, and reviewers whose devotion to one mission is evident in these pages.
REFERENCES
This article has been cited by other articles:
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  J. E. Dimsdale Sunset Psychosom Med, January 1, 2002; 64(1): 1 - 5. [Full Text] [PDF]
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