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Drug-Related Information Generates Placebo and Nocebo Responses That Modify the Drug Response

From the Department of Psychology (M.A.F.), University of Tromsø, and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (T.S.), Tromsø University Hospital, Tromsø, Norway; and Department of Psychiatry (H.O.), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

View larger version (14K): [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Mean carisoprodol and meprobamate serum concentration in the blood sample taken before carisoprodol administration (0), and in samples collected 40, 80, and 125 minutes after administration. Error bars indicate ±1 SE.

View larger version (23K): [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Blink reflex integrals across tests for each group. The left part of the figure displays responses to information about the drug. The right part displays responses to information and carisoprodol. The integrals are expressed as the difference from the pretest, performed before administration of the capsules. Thus, scores below zero indicate reduced blink reflex integrals compared with the pretest. Error bars indicate ±1 SE.

View larger version (22K): [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Skin conductance responses across tests for each group. The left part of the figure displays responses to information about the drug. The right part displays responses to information and carisoprodol. The SCRs are expressed as the difference from pretest, performed before administration of the capsules. Thus, scores below zero indicate reduced SCRs compared with the pretest. Error bars indicate ±1 SE.

View larger version (21K): [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Reports on the tense-relaxed dimension across tests for each group. The left part of the figure displays responses to information about the drug. The right part displays responses to information and carisoprodol. The data are expressed as the difference from the pretest, performed before administration of the capsules. Thus, scores below zero indicate reports of increased relaxation. Error bars indicate ±1 SE.