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Age and Ethnicity Differences in Short-Term Heart-Rate Variability

From the Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyunggi Provincial Hospital for the Elderly, Kyunggi-do, South Korea (J.B.C.); Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (J.B.C., S.H., R.N., W.A.B., C.S., J.E.D.); Department of Biostatistics, Moores UCSD Cancer Center, La Jolla, California (L.N.); Department of Medical Psychology and Psychotherapy (C.S.), Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Choi, c/o Joel E. Dimsdale, MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804. E-mail: jdimsdale{at}ucsd.edu

Objective: Hypertension is more frequent and more severe in older individuals and in African Americans. Differences in autonomic nervous system activity might contribute to these differences. Autonomic effects on the heart can be studied noninvasively through analysis of heart rate variability (HRV). We examined the effects of age and ethnicity on HRV.

Methods: We studied 135 subjects (57 African Americans and 78 Caucasian Americans), aged 23 to 54 years. Using their surface electrocardiogram (ECG) data, we calculated the HRV indices with spectral analyses. High frequency (HF) power was used to index parasympathetic activity, whereas the ratio of low to high frequency power (LF/HF) was used to index sympathovagal balance.

Results: Three HRV indices (HF, LF power, and LF/HF) were significantly related to age in Caucasian Americans but not in African Americans. The effect of age, ethnicity, and the age-by-ethnicity interaction on HF and LF power was significant, even after controlling for gender, body mass index, and blood pressure.

Conclusions: Young African Americans manifested a pattern of HRV response similarly to older Caucasian Americans. These results suggest that young African American individuals might show signs of premature aging in their autonomic nervous system.

Key Words: age • ethnicity • heart rate variability

Abbreviations: HRV = heart rate variability; HF = high frequency; LF = low frequency; AA = African Americans; CA = Caucasian Americans; BP = blood pressure; ECG = electrocardiogram; BMI = body mass index; ARIC = Atherosclerosis Risks in Communities.

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