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Role of Monitoring and Blunting Coping Styles in Primary Insomnia

From the Institute of Psychology, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.

Address correspondence and reprint requests to Ursula Voss, Institute of Psychology, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Mertonstr. 17, 60054 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. E-mail: Voss{at}psych.uni-frankfurt.de

Objective: Primary insomnia is one of the most prevalent sleep disorders and assumed to be initiated and maintained, among other factors, by psychological variables such as coping strategies, sleep hygiene techniques, and arousability. Althouugh the number and kind of stressors seem to be important initiators of insomnia, individual coping dispositions appear to play a larger role in maintaining it. This study explores the relationship between different coping dispositions (monitoring/blunting) and insomnia. Monitoring refers to information-seeking behavior under threat; blunting pertains to distractive strategies utilized in situations implying threat or danger.

Methods: The study compares 37 primary insomniacs (DSM IV criteria) and 47 good sleepers. Dependent measures included self-rating scales concerning sleep quality (Schlaffragebogen part B, Frankfurter Schlaffragebogen), coping styles (Frankfurt Monitoring Blunting Scales), and psychopathology (Neo Five Factors Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory). All measures had documented psychometric properties.

Results: Primary insomniacs were significantly more likely to rigidly resort to monitoring strategies in controllable as well as uncontrollable situations. Further, 73% of all rigid monitors identified in the sample were rated as primary insomniacs, whereas 86% of all rigid Blunters were good sleepers. Insomniacs showed higher levels of anxiety than good sleepers, coping style groups differed in anxiety and neuroticism scores.

Conclusion: The study further supports the hypothesis that a monitoring coping style is related to primary insomnia. Blunting appears to be a good predictor of high sleep quality. The results are discussed with regard to improving treatment for patients suffering from primary insomnia.

Key Words: sleep • monitoring • blunting • primary insomnia • cognitive models of insomnia • hyperarousal • coping styles

Abbreviations: DSM-IV = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Revised; SF-B = Schlaffragebogen part B; FSF = Frankfurter Schlaffragebogen; FMBS = Frankfurt Monitoring Blunting Scales; NEO FFI = Neo Five Factors Inventory; BAI = Beck Anxiety Inventory; TST = total sleep time; Mdn = Median; MANOVA = multivariate analysis of variance.

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